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Multiple news outlets reported that ISIS militants killed 38 children who were disabled or had Down syndrome, but the claim was not verified

CLAIM

Islamic State (ISIS) militants have killed at least 38 babies and children with disabilities or Down syndrome.

RATING

ORIGIN

On 14 December 2015 Fox News published an article titled “ISIS killing babies with Down syndrome, activists claim.”  The site, noting that “ information and [a] video have not been confirmed,” reported:

ISIS militants have reportedly authorized the terror group’s members to kill newborn babies with Down syndrome, as well as other disabled children, Iraqi activists claimed on Sunday. 

According to the group known as Mosul Eye, 38 babies have already been killed since the religious decree was issued … The babies were suffocated or given lethal injections, according to Mosul Eye.

Britain’s Daily Mail published a 14 December 2015 article titled “How much more depraved can ISIS get? Group’s Sharia judges order children with Down’s syndrome and other disabilities to be killed in chilling echo of the Nazis”:

That article maintained:

ISIS have issued a fatwa which orders children with Down’s syndrome and other disabilities to be killed in a chilling echo to the workings of the Nazis, it is claimed. Sharia judges have apparently ruled that ISIS followers are authorised to ‘kill newborn babies with Down’s Syndrome or congenital deformities and disabled children’ in their latest sickening act.

In the absence of credible information, the site turned to internet commenters to flesh out its reporting:

Responding to Mosul Eye’s statement about ISIS possibly using similar methods to those in the Nazi era, hundreds replied to condemn their barbaric actions. One user described ISIS as ‘worse than the Nazis’, adding: ‘I have just shed tears for these babies. I have two children with special needs, my heart is breaking. Another said: ‘OMG, i see so much similarities with nazi Germany,’ while another person commented: ‘What danger do these poor babies impose on isil?!’

Although Daily Mail used “apparently” and “it is claimed” to buttress its reporting, the outlet didn’t emphasize that the information was gleaned from a single blogger’s Facebook post. Fox News and multiple concurrent reports cited a group called “Mosul Eye” as the source for the unverified claims. The original 13 December 2015 post and video (embedded below) claimed:

Exclusive – Mosul Eye #IAmDisabledTheCaliphWillKillMe ISIL issues “Fatwa” to exterminate children with Down’s Syndrome Through monitoring and following the death incidents of children with Down’s Syndrome and congenital deformities, we were able to learn that the Shar’i Board of ISIL issued an “Oral Fatwa” to its members authorizing them to “kill newborn babies with Down’s Syndrome and congenital deformities and disabled children”. The Fatwa was issued by one of ISIL’s Shar’i judges, a Saudi judge named ” Abu Said Aljazrawi”. The information indicate that most of the children born with Down’s Syndrome are those of foreign fighters who married Iraqi, Syrian and Asian women. We recorded more than 38 confirmed cases of killing babies with congenital deformities and Down’s Syndrome, aged between one week to three months. They were killed by either lethel injection or suffocation. Some of those killings took place in Syria and Mosul. This displaced child from Mosul, ISIL issues a Fatwa to kill him. As if it is not enough for ISIL to kill men, women and the elderly, and now, they kill children #IAmDisabledTheCaliphWillKillMe #ISILSchools #WeDoNotWantToBeLeftAlone #TheCaliphDoesNotFeelCold

Mosul Eye appeared to be the sole source of the claims that ISIS militants killed 38 disabled children, and the appended video simply depicted two children, neither of whom appeared to be killed or harmed for the duration of the footage. Additionally, neither child depicted in the video appeared to have Down syndrome.

While the claim that ISIS was killing disabled children and children with Down syndrome appeared in multiple international news reports, no one was able to substantiate the rumors. Iterations commonly reported that 38 children had thus far been killed by “lethal injection” or “suffocation,” but no information about the dozens of children purportedly killed was included in any report. Moreover, an attached video simply depicted two children (one of whom appeared to be disabled, and was using a wheelchair), neither of whom was harmed or killed in the clip.

url: http://www.snopes.com/isis-killing-babies-syndrome/

Islamic State claims deadly bombings in Brussels

url: http://binaryapi.ap.org/9ec1e197f5fe4958afaef040d878df50/460x.jpg

By RAF CASERT and RAPHAEL SATTER

Mar. 22, 2016 7:46 PM EDT

BRUSSELS (AP) — Islamic extremists struck Tuesday in the heart of Europe, killing at least 34 people and wounding scores of others in back-to-back bombings of the Brussels airport and subway that again laid bare the continent's vulnerability to suicide squads.

Bloodied and dazed travelers staggered from the airport after two explosions — at least one blamed on a suicide attacker and another apparently on a suitcase bomb — tore through crowds checking in for morning flights. About 40 minutes later, another rush-hour blast ripped through a subway car in central Brussels as it left the Maelbeek station, in the heart of the European Union's capital city.

Authorities released a photo taken from closed-circuit TV footage of three men pushing luggage carts in the airport, saying two of them apparently were suicide bombers and that the third — dressed in a light-colored coat, black hat and glasses — was at large. They urged the public to reach out to police if they recognized him. The two men believed to be the suicide attackers apparently were wearing dark gloves on their left hands, possibly to hide detonators.

In police raids Tuesday across Belgium, authorities later found a nail-filled bomb, chemical products and an Islamic State flag in a house in the Schaerbeek neighborhood, the state prosecutors' office said in a statement.

AFAR Media

In its claim of responsibility, the Islamic State group said its members detonated suicide vests both at the airport and in the subway, where many passengers fled to safety down dark tunnels filled with hazy smoke from the explosion. A small child wailed, and commuters used cell phones to light their way out.

European security officials have been bracing for a major attack for weeks and warned that IS was actively preparing to strike. The arrest Friday of Salah Abdeslam, a key suspect in the Nov. 13 attacks in Paris, heightened those fears, as investigators said many more people were involved than originally thought and that some are still on the loose.

"In this time of tragedy, this black moment for our country, I appeal to everyone to remain calm but also to show solidarity," said Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel, who announced three days of mourning in his country's deadliest terror strike.

"Last year it was Paris. Today it is Brussels. It's the same attacks," said French President Francois Hollande.

Shockwaves from the attacks crossed Europe and the Atlantic, prompting heightened security at airports and other sites.

Belgium raised its terror alert to the highest level, shut the airport through Wednesday and ordered a city-wide lockdown, deploying about 500 soldiers onto Brussels' largely empty streets to bolster police checkpoints. France and Belgium both reinforced border security.

Justice ministers and interior ministers from across the 28-nation EU planned an emergency meeting, possibly Thursday morning, to assess the fallout. The subway blast hit beneath buildings that normally host EU meetings and house the union's top leadership.

Medical officials treating the wounded said some victims lost limbs, while others suffered burns or deep gashes from shattered glass or suspected nails packed in with the explosives. Among the most seriously wounded were several children.

The bombings came barely four months after suicide attackers based in Brussels' heavily Muslim Molenbeek district slaughtered 130 people at a Paris nightspots, and intelligence agencies had warned for months a follow-up strike was inevitable. Paris fugitive Abdeslam was arrested in Molenbeek.

A high-level Belgian judicial official said a connection by Abdeslam to Tuesday's attacks is "a lead to pursue." The official spoke on condition of anonymity because the investigation was ongoing.

Abdeslam has told investigators he was planning to "restart something" from Brussels, said Belgian Foreign Minister Didier Reynders. He said Sunday that authorities took the claim seriously because "we found a lot of weapons, heavy weapons in the first investigations and we have seen a new network of people around him in Brussels."

While Belgian authorities knew that some kind of extremist act was being prepared in Europe, "we never could have imagined something of this scale," Belgian Interior Minister Jan Jambon said.

Officials at the airport in the Brussels suburb of Zaventem said police had discovered a Kalashnikov assault rifle and an explosives-packed vest abandoned at the facility, offering one potential lead for forensic evidence. Bomb disposal experts safely dismantled that explosive device.

A U.S. administration official said American intelligence officers were working with their European counterparts to try to identify the apparently skilled bomb-maker or makers involved in the Brussels attacks and to identify any links to the bombs used in Paris.

The official, who wasn't authorized to speak publicly on the investigations and demanded anonymity, told The Associated Press that at least one of the bombs at the airport was suspected to have been packed into a suitcase left in the departures hall.

Several Americans were among the wounded, including an Air Force lieutenant colonel stationed in the Netherlands, his wife and four children who were at the airport. Mormon church officials, meanwhile, said three of its missionaries from Utah were seriously injured in the blasts and were hospitalized.

Three intelligence officials in Iraq told the AP that they had warned European colleagues last month of IS plans to attack airports and trains, although Belgium wasn't specified as a likely target. The officials, who monitor activities in the IS stronghold of Raqqa, Syria, said Brussels may have become a target because of the arrest of Abdeslam.

One of the officials — all of whom spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to talk about their knowledge of IS operations — said Iraqi intelligence officials believe that three other IS activists remain at large in Brussels and are plotting other suicide-bomb attacks.

European leaders already struggling to cope with a wave of migration from the war-torn Middle East said they must rely on better anti-terrorist intelligence work to identify an enemy that wears no uniform and seeks the softest of targets. They emphasized that Europe must remain tolerant toward Muslims as they seek to identify those on the violent extremist fringe.

Leaders of the 28-nation EU said in a joint statement that Tuesday's assault on Brussels "only strengthens our resolve to defend European values and tolerance from the attacks of the intolerant."

The U.N. lead official for Middle East refugees, Amin Awad, warned that Europe faced an increasing risk of racist retaliation against Muslim immigrant communities. "Any sort of hostilities because of the Brussels attack or Paris attack is misplaced," Awad said.

Reflecting the trauma of the moment, Belgian officials offered uncertain casualty totals at both the airport and subway. Police conducted controlled explosions on suspicious abandoned packages that ultimately were found to contain no explosives.

The government said at least 11 people were killed at the airport and 20 on the subway, where the bomb hit an enclosed train car. Later, a security official said the overall death toll had risen to 34, without providing a breakdown of where.

In the airport, video posted on social media showed people cowering on the ground in the wake of the blasts, the air acrid with smoke, windows of shops and the terminal entrance shattered, and fallen ceiling tiles littering the blood-streaked floor.

Some witnesses described hearing two distinct blasts, with shouts apparently in Arabic from at least one attacker before the second, bigger explosion.

Zach Mouzoun, who arrived on a flight from Geneva about 10 minutes before the airport blasts, told France's BFM television that pipes ruptured, sending a cascade of water mixing with victims' blood.

Marc Noel was about to board a Delta flight to Atlanta. The Belgian native, who lives in Raleigh, North Carolina, said the first blast happened about 50 yards (meters) from him. "People were crying, shouting, children. ... It was a horrible experience," he said.

A random decision to pause in a shop to buy a magazine may have saved his life. Otherwise, he said, "I would probably have been in that place when the bomb went off."

Anthony Deloos, an airport worker for Swissport, which handles check-in and baggage services, said the first blast took place near the Swissport counters where customers pay for overweight bags. He and a colleague said the second blast struck near a Starbucks cafe.

Deloos said a colleague shouted at him to run as the blast sent clouds of shredded paper billowing through the air, and "I jumped into a luggage chute to be safe."

Passengers on other trains said many commuters were reading about the airport attacks on their smartphones when they heard the subway blast. Hundreds fled from stopped trains down tunnel tracks to adjacent stations. Many told stories of having missed the bomb by minutes or seconds.

Brussels Mayor Yvan Mayeur said more than 100 were wounded in the subway blast. Rescue workers set up makeshift first aid centers in a nearby pub and hotel.

"It was panic everywhere. There were a lot of people in the metro," said commuter Alexandre Brans, wiping blood from his face.

Political leaders and others around the world expressed their shock at the attacks.

"We will do whatever is necessary to support our friend and ally Belgium in bringing to justice those who are responsible," U.S. President Barack Obama said, ordering American flags lowered to half-staff through Saturday.

Belgium's king and queen said they were "devastated" by the violence, describing the attacks as "odious and cowardly."

After nightfall, Europe's best-known monuments — the Eiffel Tower, the Brandenburg Gate and the Trevi Fountain — were illuminated with Belgium's national colors in a show of solidarity. 

___

Associated Press writers Lorne Cook, John-Thor Dahlburg and Angela Charlton in Brussels, Lori Hinnant, Elaine Ganley and John Leicester in Paris, Jill Lawless in London, Jon Gambrell in Dubai, Qassim Abdul-Zahra in Baghdad, Bradley Klapper in Washington and Shawn Pogatchnik in Dublin contributed to this report.

source: http://bigstory.ap.org/article/511cf974eea64581814f9777a40f0fd6/explosion-heard-brussels-airport

How Nasheeds became the soundtrack of Jihad

By Thomas Seymat

url: http://static.euronews.com/articles/282864/606x340_282864.jpg?1412782645

In public meetings or online propaganda videos, Islamist hymns, known as anasheed jihadiya or simply nasheeds, have become inseparable from the image of violent groups in the Middle East. These chants are now the soundtrack of jihad.

Nasheeds were not always so significant in the jihadi culture, their rise has been only recent. “There was an increase of songs after the outbreak of the Arab Spring and the diversification of the jihadi scene which was no longer represented by al-Qaeda alone”, Behnam T. Said, a PhD candidate at the University of Jena whose research focuses on jihadi nasheeds, tells euronews in an e-mail interview.“But an even stronger increase of new nasheeds could be observed during the last years within the context of the war in Syria and Iraq.”

Nasheeds exist in:

• Arabic
• Pashtu
• Urdu
• Turkish
• Bosnian
• English
• German
• Dutch

The style of nasheeds, while it follows strict rules, relies almost always on an imposing chorus of voices. Producers use computer programmes to multi-track the audio and sometimes autotune, and make it seem “more impressive,” NBCNews reports, as though many more people are singing in perfect harmony. “Most recent nasheeds production values would stand alongside any commercially produced record.” The singers are almost always male, their voices sometimes interrupted by martial goose stepping, firearms or cavalcade sound effects.

ISIL's "quasi-official anthem" is a nasheed

“There are nasheeds used by different Islamic groups who are engaged in battle, Sunni or Shia. But many new songs are produced by one of the most powerful ​ actor on the battlefield: the Islamic State (also known as the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant or ISIL) and its supporters,” Said tells euronews.

Said published a research article​ in 2012 which presents the most important findings of his current PhD project, one of the most comprehensive and recent studies of these Islamist hymns.

“The most famous song from [ISIL] is called “My ummah, Dawn has appeared, so await the expected victory,” he adds.

The song was released at the end of 2013​ by Ajnad Media Foundation, according to Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, a Shillman-Ginsburg fellow at the Middle East Forum. For Al-Tamimi, the Foundation is actually an ISIL-founded “media unit specialized in jihadi audio chants.” Its very existence suggests nasheeds are crucial to the militant group.

url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqoc22oMmdo

"My Ummah, Dawn has appeared”

For Said, this nasheed “is a mighty song with a powerful and hopeful message which comes from a position of strength not of weakness,” a stark difference, he says, “from older songs which often underline the status as a small opposition confronting a mighty state and its security forces.”

Al-Tamimi goes as far as to say that this nasheed “has become a quasi-official anthem for ISIL.”

According to Al-Tamimi’s translation of the song, it includes verses such as:

"The Islamic State has arisen by the blood of the righteous,

The Islamic State has arisen by the jihad of the pious, 

They have offered their souls in righteousness with constancy and conviction, 

So that the religion may be established in which there is the law of the Lord of the Worlds."

This very nasheed can be heard in a VICE documentary on the Islamic State organisation​, during a “Caliphate establishment celebration” in Raqqa, Syria. The song is played in the background of the ceremony used by the hardcore Sunni jihadists as a proselytising event and a recruitment drive. There, they also distribute food to break the fast. The scene is shot during Ramadan. Militants are shown to make the population of the city pledge allegiance to ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.

Nasheeds are widely available online

Away from the battlefields of the Middle East, nasheeds are also widely available online. Of course, there was “already a distribution before the Internet via song books, cassettes and videos but the internet worked as a catalyst,” Said tells euronews. It is “more than just a distributor. Users in online forums are engaged in discussions about the permissibility of nasheeds, they are asking for specific songs they came across in videos etc.”

“In the most popular jihadi forums you find special sections for “sautiyat” (audios),” Said, who is currently working as an intelligence analyst based in Hamburg,​ writes (see reference), “where almost all kind of jihadi songs are available, sometimes even whole nasheeds collections with more than 400 tracks,” along with lyrics.

​In a few clicks, euronews found similar forums, web portals and even a subreddit, that host hundreds of MP3s of nasheeds, available to stream or download.

On Youtube, a search for “nasheed” returns 1.3 millions results (and more than 80,400 for “jihad nasheed”), large parts of which use military imagery and claim geographical origins from Chechnya to Bosnia.

Militant Islamist groups have no qualms using Western inventions like the Internet to circulate their hymns: “Jihadists are very pragmatic,” Said tells euronews. “You will find that scepticism more amongst purist Salafis, like Nasir al-Din al-Albani and many Wahhabi scholars from Saudi Arabia.”

Types of nasheeds

According to Behnam Said, there are four categories of nasheeds:

1. Battle hymns: to encourage and mobilize the warriors and their supporters.
2. Martyr hymns: except for some notable exceptions, they not dedicated to a single person but to the idea of martyrdom itself.
3. Mourning hymns: a very old sort of poetry in the Arab (...) they are dedicated to a special person.
4. Praising hymns: Poems praising a high-standing person are a known type of Arab poetry and called madih (praise).The most common attributes are generosity, bravery, and honor.

Palestine is also a recurring topic and could almost be considered a whole genre of nasheeds.

Peter Neumann, a professor of Security Studies at the Department of War Studies at King’s College, London, sees irony in the situation. “There has never been an objection to using Western technology, for example, as long as its use is for a religiously permitted purpose” Neumann explained during an interview on NPR.

“That’s always been the sort of irony and contradiction of this movement – that they are essentially trying to establish states that are following medieval rules, but they are taking advantage of the Internet” and other cutting-edge technologies, according to Neumann, who is the director of The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR).

No possible control online

Ubiquitous online, nasheed video music are at times banned from video-hosting platfroms, but “in most cases not because of the nasheeds but because of the footage,” Said, who wrote an upcoming book on ISIL, explains.

“But you can still access nasheed videos on internet platforms quite easily. The songs have spread so far and there are so many that it is not possible to control their spread via internet. Also, in many cases you need experts telling you whether the song is a radical one or not and why it should be banned or not. So this is a quite complex task.”

Indeed, if sometimes the pictures or footage which illustrate the videos leave no doubt of its support for violent jihadist groups, at times the symbols used, such as lions, or scimitars, are ambiguous.

Other propaganda videos do not contain violence but are posted by accounts claiming to be linked to ISIL.

Uploaded for the Eid al-Adha, the “festival of the sacrifice”, it aims at depicting ISIL as a benevolent, caring and pious organisation as it is a tradition throughout the Islamic world to donate part of the sacrificed beast to neighbours and to the poor and needy. The whole butchering and distribution scene is scored with a nasheed.

For video-hosting platform Youtube, it is a case of finding the right balance between freedom of expression and removing violent videos.

“YouTube has clear policies prohibiting content intended to incite violence, and we remove videos violating these policies when flagged by our users. We also terminate any account registered by a member of a designated Foreign Terrorist Organization and used in an official capacity to further its interests” a Youtube spokesperson told euronews. “We allow videos posted with a clear news or documentary purpose to remain on YouTube, applying warnings and age-restrictions as appropriate.”

A multi-lingual team of moderators in different parts of the world work 24/7 to evaluate flagged content and act if needed. According to the Guardian, YouTube, which is owned by Google, has also given a number of government agencies “trusted” flagger status to prioritise their reporting of dangerous or illegal material.

Nasheeds predate ISIL by decades

Nasheeds actually predate Youtube, the Internet or ISIL by decades. The jihadist poetry comprised in the Islamist hymns can be, according to Said’s research, seen as an extension of an nineteenth century anti-colonial poetry style called qaseeda.

However, the historical roots can be found in a more recent period: “many nasheeds used today in videos by terrorist organizations can be traced back to the early 1980s and late 1970s, the decades that are known as the era of “Islamic resurrection”,” the PhD candidate explains.

During this period, Islamists in Syria and Egypt locked horns with their respective authoritarian governments. The struggles included a culture war where nasheed songbooks, records and cassettes were weapons to change the public’s interpretation of Islam. At the same time, in Saudi Arabia, exiled Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood members set up youth camps where attendees sung nasheeds. A young Saudi named Osama bin Laden also established a nasheed group in the 1970s, Said points out.

The 1980’s, with the Soviet invastion of Afghanistan and the 1987 Intifada as a backdrop, saw the rise of a more politicised style of nasheeds, calling for “Islamic resistance against the occupation”. The hymns are mentioned in the Hamas charter, where they are said to be, along other cultural goods, “necessary for ideological education and invigorating nourishment to continue the struggle and relaxing the spirit.”

Further east, with scores of foreign fighters going to fight the Soviets in Afghanistan, “the record ‘Caravan of the martyrs’ was one of the first jihadist nasheed albums that became famous” Said writes. The record’s first edition – several followed – included songs about Arabs who lost their lives in Afghanistan between 1987 and 1990.

Rules for nasheeds

According to Salafi scholar Nasir ad-Din al-Albani, Islamic nasheeds are only allowed if:

• the melody is not similar to the teachings of western or eastern music, which make people dance.
• the text is purely Islamic.
• there are no musical instruments used, except for the duff (which is allowed only for women at weddings).
• the listening to nasheeds does not distract from the study of the Quran.

This dual heritage is, for Said, a sign that “the roots of jihadi culture possibly lies in the Muslim Brotherhood tradition rather than in Wahhabism or that it merged the two influences to a unique culture.”

If Wahhabis and Salafis share a similar view, which is more or less suspicious of nasheeds but not haram if the hymns follow a set of rules (see box), the Muslim Brotherhood has a more relaxed stance on music. So these two influences can explain the extensive use of nonetheless codified nasheeds by jihadist groups.

A potential for radicalisation?

As a result of the spread of nasheeds online, jihadists are not the only ones who can access them. Jihad sympathizers too “can get in touch with this material easily because you will find many hardcore nasheeds not exclusively on jihadist websites but also on sites that claim to provide ‘Islamic nasheeds’,” Said writes.

The extended reach for easily accessible nasheeds may play a role in the “new forms of militant activism described as ‘virtual self-recruitment’” by the ICSR in a 2008 report. In response, the Centre called then for more attention to be paid to extremist activities online.

Said is not so convinced about the radicalising potential of nasheeds: “someone who just listens to nasheeds without having a radical mindset, like me as a researcher, won’t be effected”.

According to him, despite the intention of the jihadi groups, songs can’t radicalise someone on their own. Only “in combination with other factors” could they have this effect on a rational and emotional level.

“We clearly see that the [producers’] intention is to radicalise people and to make them give their life in battle. But we don´t have strong evidence about the effects of nasheeds on individuals,” the intelligence analyst tells euronews, adding the evidence is only anecdotal.

In addition, he points out that nasheeds are part music, whose effects on listeners are “a complex process”, part text, so “you first need linguistic access to the texts, in order for them to have influence on you as an individual.”

Still, “this is only possible if you are prone to radicalization or even already in a process of radicalisation.”

A similarly conclusion is reached in a May 2014 report of the UK-based Quilliam foundation, suggested to euronews by the Youtube spokesperson.

If “the Internet [is] often being accused of producing radicalisation in isolation of other factors,” the report's authors "found that the vast majority of radicalised individuals come into contact with extremist ideology through offline socialisation prior to being indoctrinated online.”

“In other words, the Internet does not radicalise in isolation of other factors and should not be targeted as the ‘cause’ of radicalisation. As such, the Internet’s role is less about initiating the radicalisation process; rather it acts as a facilitator and catalyst for the radicalisation process” by indoctrinating, educating and socialising individuals.

However, Said notes that the “topic of nasheeds is more than just listening. It is a common cultural asset which connects people all over the globe and therefore is a valuable tool in creating a global jihadi community.”

This musical bonding experience can be illustrated by a scene in the British dark comedy Four Lions in which four wannabe jihadists from different backgrounds listen to a nasheed while driving to London to (spoiler alert) carry out suicide attacks.

he radical hymn does not last long. After a fade to black, the rag-tag group of homegrown amateur jihadis end up singing 2000 Toploader’s hit “Dancing in the moonlight,” at the top of their lungs; a light twist of the “young Muslims’ identity conflicts between Western society and the ‘cultural’ Islam of their parents” often exploited, according to the ICSR report, “by Islamist militants.”

Reference:
Behnam Said (2012): Hymns (Nasheeds): A Contribution to the Study of the Jihadist Culture, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35:12, 863-879​

By Thomas Seymat

http://www.euronews.com